Tropical
Watering
Bougainvillea prefers to dry slightly between waterings and is highly intolerant of overwatering, especially in cooler conditions. In active growth, it demands frequent watering—but the substrate should drain freely. Allowing the soil to approach dryness before rehydrating encourages stronger flowering and root health. During dormancy or when temperatures drop, reduce watering substantially.
Sun Exposure
Full sun is critical for Bougainvillea. It thrives under intense, direct light and struggles to flower or maintain vigor in shaded or indoor conditions. Aim for 6–8 hours of direct sun daily, particularly during the growing season. Light exposure directly influences bract production and branch refinement.
Temperature
As a true tropical species, Bougainvillea is highly sensitive to cold. It cannot tolerate frost and should be kept above 7°C at all times. Ideal growing temperatures range between 18–35°C. In temperate climates, Bougainvillea should be overwintered indoors in a bright, warm space with minimal watering. When conditions are favorable, it can remain outdoors year-round in zones 10 and above.
Fertilizing
Bougainvillea responds well to a consistent but measured fertilization regimen. During periods of active growth, apply a balanced fertilizer every 2–3 weeks. To promote flowering, shift to a fertilizer with higher phosphorus content. Avoid heavy nitrogen applications, which promote excessive vegetative growth at the expense of flowering and fine branch structure. Reduce or suspend feeding in cooler months when growth slows.
Pruning
Pruning Bougainvillea is both a horticultural necessity and a compositional tool. The species flowers on new growth, so pruning must be carefully timed to avoid removing potential bloom sites. After flowering, reduce long extensions and manage interior density to encourage back budding and structural balance. Bougainvillea responds well to hard pruning but may take time to push new buds on older wood. Always monitor dieback, especially on older branches, and protect cuts to prevent desiccation.
Wiring
Bougainvillea wood is brittle, particularly in older growth, and can crack easily. Young shoots are flexible but can lignify quickly. Use light-gauge wire on young branches and set movement early in the tree’s development. Clip-and-grow techniques are often preferred for primary structure. If wiring mature branches, do so with extreme care—pre-bending and guy-wiring are often safer alternatives.
Repotting
Repotting should be performed in late spring or early summer when temperatures are warm and the tree is in active growth. Bougainvillea has a fine, fibrous root system that can be reduced substantially when healthy, but root pruning should always be balanced with aftercare. Use a well-draining, inorganic substrate to prevent root rot. Protect freshly repotted trees from full sun and wind for 1–2 weeks post-repot.
Propagation
Bougainvillea is easily propagated from semi-hardwood cuttings taken in late spring or summer. Hormone application can increase success, but the species roots readily in warm, humid conditions. Air layering is also effective on older wood.
Pests/Disease
Common pests include aphids, spider mites, and mealybugs—especially when grown indoors or in dry environments. Bougainvillea is generally disease-resistant but prone to root rot if overwatered. Maintain high light, warm temperatures, and proper airflow to keep the tree vigorous and pest-free. If necessary, treat with insecticidal soap or neem oil.